POLS 201. The Legislative Process. 3 crs. Examination of the institutions, the government agencies, and the public's actions as related to legislative rule-making and operations. (Spring semester only)

POLS 202. Approaches to the Study of Public Law. 3 crs. Analysis of constitutional law derived from examination of Supreme Court decisions. (Every two years. Fall semester.)

POLS 203. State and Local Government and Politics. 3 crs. Analysis of legal and political aspects of government institutions, politics, and functions in sub national political arenas. (Every two years. Spring semester)

POLS 204. Approaches to Comparative Politics. 3 crs. This graduate seminar reviews the traditional and contemporary literature in comparative politics, focusing on macro level analysis. Themes examined include: social science epistemology, Weber, Marx, systems theory, the state, women and feminism; "race" and ethnicity; nationalism and communalism; political culture, democracy and democratization, modernization and development, dependency, and political economy. As this seminar is intended to prepare students for the comprehensive exam in comparative politics, the emphasis is in-depth, critical analysis of the literature. (Offered once a year. Fall semester)

POLS 205. Foreign Policy of the Major Powers. 3 crs. Problem-oriented course designed to discuss the basic policies of the contemporary major powers. (Once a year. Fall semester)

POLS 206. Administration of the National Government. 3 crs. Overall organization and structure of the administrative departments and independent agencies of national government.

POLS 207. Selected Problems of Comparative Politics. 3 crs. Selected problems of foreign governments and politics, with an emphasis on comparative political institutions. (Once a year. Spring semester)

POLS 208. Problems of World Organizations. 3 crs. An examination of the organization, structure, and problems of the League of Nations, the United Nations, the I.L.O., etc. (Once a Year. Fall semester).

POLS 209. Organizational Theory. 3 crs. An analysis of the literature on organization and administrative thought and reestablishes the relationship between theory and practice.

POLS 210. Selected Problems of Contemporary International Politics. 3 crs. Selected problems of current world affairs. The focus of the course varies from year to year. (Once a year. Spring semester)

POLS 212. American Parties and Politics. 3 crs. Intensive analysis of selected problems in American politics and political parties. (Every 2 years. Spring semester)

POLS 213. American Foreign Policy-Making Process. 3 crs. Examination of the legal, behavioral, and political pressures that influence the making of American foreign policy. (Once a year. Spring semester).

POLS 214. Public Opinion and Propaganda. 3 crs. Analysis of political opinion and the psychological factors involved in the development of attitudes of citizens and officials. (Every two years. Spring semester).

POLS 215. Administrative Process. 3 crs. Advanced study of organizational decision-making, and control processes in the light of political and environmental influence.

POLS 216. The Budget as an Instrument of Public Policy. 3 crs. Study of the budget as a means of determining the priorities and policies of government.

POLS 217. Methods of Political Science. 3 crs. Examination of the fundamentals of research design, measurement, data collection, and data analysis. It is the prerequisite for the higher level courses including Behavioral Research Methods and Multivariate Data Analysis. (Once a year. Fall semester).

POLS 218. Public Policy Formulation. 3 crs. Examination of forces that shape the direction of public policy and mechanisms of its formulation and promulgation.

POLS 219. Presidential Policy Making. 3 crs. A study of the institutional mechanisms and processes of policy formulation at the presidential level.

POLS 220. Intergovernmental Relations in the United States. 3 crs. Study of the issues and problems involved in the relationships among federal, state, and local governments.

POLS 221. Socialism. 3 crs. Study of the basic ideas of socialism and anarchism.

POLS 222. Caribbean Political Systems. 3 crs. This graduate seminar addresses the domestic and international complexities of contemporary politics in the Caribbean. Themes examined in-depth include: the colonial legacy, decolonization, social class, ethnicity and "race", women and gender, the state, political culture, political elites, political protest, the military, revolution, political economy and development, and Caribbean international relations. 

POLS 223. Seminar in City Management: Managing Intergovernment Finances. 3 crs. Seminar dealing with the roles and responsibilities of the manager in the development of fiscal affairs and management of the community.

POLS 224. Public Administration in the Third World. 3 crs. Study of the international organization and industrialized societies' bureaucratic practices for promoting development abroad. Case studies review conflicts in development strategies between western bureaucracies and the bureaucracies of developing nations.

POLS 225. Pressure Groups in American Politics. 3 crs. Analysis of the purposes, techniques, history, and influence of pressure groups in the American political systems. (Every two years. Fall semester).

POLS 226-01. World Imperialism. 3 crs. Comparative examination of historical and contemporary forms of imperialism, with emphasis placed on such institutions of imperial control as the state and transnational corporations.

POLS 227. Introduction to Black Politics. 3 crs. Definition of each area of study, together with its relevant literature, within the framework of case-study or topical approaches to the presentation of literature.

POLS 229. Urban Government and Politics. 3 crs. Analysis of urban government and political systems in metropolitan areas and neighborhood centers.

POLS 230. American Political Thought. 3 crs. An examination of the documents and writings of American political theorists and practitioners from colonial to modern times. (Once a year. Spring semester).

POLS 231. Evaluation of Public Policy. 3 crs. Study of the basic methods used to evaluate programs and policies, including an examination of the impact that selected policies have had on intended target populations.

POLS 232. Nature and Uses of Political Theory. 3 crs. Review of the categories of the field and the basic questions of epistemology and social analysis. (Once a year. Spring semester).

POLS 233. Pan-Africanism. 3 crs. Analysis of the origins of Pan-Africanism within the framework of the interactions between it and the forces of a political, economic and cultural nature which produce it.

POLS 234. Black Ideology. 3 crs. A study of major political ideologies and analysis of their formation, content, and impact on the process of types of black political activity.

POLS 235. General Research Methods in Public Administration. 3 crs. Comprehensive examination of the impact of economic and quantitative methods on public management.

POLS 236. Black Leadership, Organization and Movements. 3 crs. A study of the anatomy of black movements with particular attention to leadership and organizational factors such as goals, strategies, etc.

POLS 239. Epistemology and Methods. 3 crs. An in-depth study of the philosophy of science and how it relates to methodology.

POLS 240. Historical Political Economy. 3 crs. A survey of the development of the social systems in historical perspective, including communal, slave, feudal and capitalist systems to the industrial revolution. No prereq. (Once a year).

POLS 241. Classical and Neo-Classical Political Economy. 3 crs. An overview of the development of classical political economy, including the Scottish Historical School (Adam Smith, et al.), the Physiocrats, and the neo-classical tradition including the Keynesian and post-Keynesian synthesis. Prereq.: POLS 240. (Once a year).

POLS 243. Political Economy of Advanced Capitalism. 3 crs. The course covers the period since World War II. Emphasizes the strategic role played by the U.S., E.E.C. and Japan in leading the capitalist world economy, theories of capitalist development, the role of the state, and the internationalization of capital and labor will be analyzed. Prereq.: POLS 241. (Once a year).

POLS 244. Seminar in Political Economy. 3 crs. An in-depth examination of advanced topics including crisis theories, industrial restructuring, state monopoly capitalism, role of R&D in technological and scientific evolution, etc. Prereq.: POLS 243 (Once a year).

POLS 245. Seminar in International Development Policies. 3 crs. The course addresses public policy issues from historical and global perspectives. Its main emphasis is on Third World policy issues and development strategies, including labor intensive, capital intensive, important substitution and export-led strategies, the role of export processing (production) zones, and other approaches to export competitiveness in the world economy. Prereq.: POLS 244 (Once a year).

POLS 246. Public Personnel Administration. 3 crs. Basic principles of personnel management, with special attention to their applicability to the status of blacks and other minorities.

POLS 247. Technology Transfer and International Development. 3 crs. The course deals with the role of technology in the development process with special reference to the Third World. It treats the transfer of technology as an integral part of the internationalization of capital and pays attention to the capacities of different types of Third World economies to absorb foreign capital-intensive technologies. Prereq.: POLS 245. (Once a year).

POLS 248. Comparative Budgetary Analysis. 3 crs. The course analyses public budgetary and fiscal policies in comparative perspective; provides opportunities to study tax policies revenue - generating strategies of the state, evaluates, their effectiveness as national strategies in the world of economy where capital, industry, markets, technologies and labor are highly integrated in the production process. Prereq.: POLS 247. (Once a year).

POLS 250. Fiscal Management: Capital and Operating Budget Management. 3 crs. Consideration of practical, theoretical, and legal aspects of financial management at the national, state, and local government levels, with special emphasis on budget and tax policies.

POLS 251. Political Communications. 3 crs. Examination of the verbal and nonverbal communication between people of various states and their impact in international relations.

POLS 253. Black Political Theory and Behavior. 3 crs. An introduction to the major theoretical frameworks in Black politics and their application to substantive problems of political behavior.

POLS 254. Behavioral Research Methods. 3 crs. Presentation of the fundamentals of experimental surveys of aggregate and mixed data type designs and an introduction to computer use. (Once a year.)

POLS 257. Multivariate Data Analysis. 3 crs. Analysis of the General Linear Model in social science research: statistical theory and the matrix approach in multivariate data analysis.

POLS 259. International Law. 3 crs. Examination of the roles, nature, effects, and limitations of international law in contemporary world politics.

POLS 260. Black Electoral Politics. 3 crs. Analysis of black activities in electoral politics, voting trends, party allegiance, and other important factors.

POLS 261. Comparative Administrative Systems. 3 crs. Comparison of administrative practices in the U.S. and abroad. The course's purpose is to increase the understanding of American public administration by comparing it with the administrative system of other industrialized countries and some developing ones. Special emphasis is placed on relationships between bureaucracies and political regime types.

POLS 262. Contemporary Empirical Political Theory. 3 crs. Examination of a variety of writers and topics and highlights general sociological and psychological theories as related to political analysis.

POLS 263. Seminar in Black Politics I. 3 crs. Advanced Seminar in black politics.

POLS 264. Problems in International Security. 3 crs. An examination of critical political military and economic issues affecting world order with emphasis on the dynamics of East-West relations. (Fall semester only.)

POLS 267. Political Leadership in Africa. 3 crs. A study of the role of political leadership in the development of independent Black Africa, with special reference to the influence of major personalities.

POLS 268. Seminar in Black Politics II. 3 crs. Advanced seminar in black politics. Prereq.: Ph.D. students only.

POLS 269. Problems in African Politics. 3 crs. Seminar on selected problems on African politics, nationalism, integration, military politics, liberation movements, and ideologies.

POLS 273. Africa in World Politics. 3 crs. Study of Africa's role in the international political system and its relations to the major powers and the less developed nations.

POLS 274. Government and Politics of Southern Africa. 3 crs. This is an exploration of the situation of Southern Africa as a whole, the attitudes of the independent African States, and the reactions of the independent African States, and the international community; especially before and after the apartheid era, and the emergence of a new South Africa as nonracial multiparty democracy after the 1994 election. This course will cover the political economy of South Africa and its role in regional, continental, and global affairs, including the Southern African Development Economic Community (SADEC) as a regional economic community.

POLS 275. Urban Political Economy. 3 crs. An examination of the use of the tools of political economy to examine critical urban problems. Focuses on understanding the general contours of the political economy perspective and applying this general analytic perspective to such problems as the fiscal crisis of cities, urban structure, urban movements, and the crisis in such key areas as housing, education, employment, poverty, transportation, crime, etc.

POLS 276. Political Economy of Latin America and the Caribbean. 3 crs. Readings and analysis of Latin American/Caribbean politics and economics, with emphasis on the impact of economic forces in Latin America. Students specializing in this area may take courses in political science numbered above 012-170 for graduate credit.

POLS 277. Political Economy of Europe. 3 crs. Analysis of interactions between government institutions and economic factors and their effects on the process of integration.

POLS 278. Political Forces in Western Europe. 3 crs. Discussion of the government institutions, political forces, economics, and military dynamics of Western Europe.

POLS 279. Seminar in Survey Techniques. 3 crs. Students collectively design, implement, and analyze a major survey. Prereq.: POLS 217 Methods of Political Science and POLS 254 Behavioral Research Methods.

POLS 281. European Political Theory. 3 crs. In-depth study of major concepts and writers of Western political theory.

POLS 283. International Politics of the United Nations. 3 crs. Examination of the political dynamics of the United Nations.

POLS 284. Third World Political Theory. 3 crs. Examination of the contribution of third world theorists and leaders to the development of political theory. Topics include dependency theory, nonalignment, and alternative political and economic models. (Offered once a year)

POLS 285. International Communist Affairs. 3 crs. The course examines the domestic and foreign policy issues that affect relations among socialist states and their behavior in the world arena. (Spring semester only)

POLS 287. Theories of International Relations. 3 crs. Study of the various theoretical formulations involved in the examination of the behavior of the international political system.

POLS 289. Government and Politics of the Peoples Republic of China. 3 crs. In-depth examination of the government institutions, political dynamics, and international relations of the Peoples Republic of China.

POLS 290. Administrative Law and Regulatory Policy. 3 crs. Examination of institutions, government agencies, and public actions as related to the quasi-judicial policy-making operations of the executive branch.

POLS 291. Minorities and Bureaucracy. 3 crs. Examination of regulatory and procedural aspects of bureaucratic activity affecting minorities.

POLS 292. Seminar in American/Urban Politics. An examination of the components of the American political system, including the constitution, structures, and political institutions of the national and sub-national governments. (Spring semester only).

POLS 293. The Judicial Process. 3 crs. Examination of the legal and political factors that influence the rule-adjudication process in the federal system.

POLS 294. Selected Topics in American Government and Political Behavior for Doctoral Students. 3 crs. Analysis of research, concepts, theories, and literature of major topics in American government.

POLS 297. Special Topics in Political Theory. 3 crs. Special topics of importance within political theory. May include alienation, feminist political theory, Leninism, conservative political theory, or problems in development theory as well as detailed examination of a single political theorist. (Offered once a year).

POLS 298. Research Colloquium in Political Theory. 3 crs. Presentation of research in political theory by faculty members from Howard and other universities and by graduate students, especially those writing dissertations. Open to any student whose work includes a theoretical component.

POLS 299. Current Problems in Public Policy and Administration. 3 crs. Intensive study of selected problems. Prereq.: Consent of instructor.

POLS 300. Government Internship. 3 crs. The student serves a one-semester internship at the GS-7 level or above with a government agency on a full- or part-time basis. Prereqs.: U.S. citizen and consent of instructor.

POLS 301.* Independent Study-American Government. 3 crs. In-depth study of a particular subject in the field.

POLS 302*. Independent Study-Public Administration and Public Policy. 3 crs. In-depth examination of a particular subject in the field.

POLS 303.* Independent Study-Comparative Government. 3 crs. In-depth study of a particular subject in the field.

POLS 304. Independent Study-International Relations. 3 crs. Prereqs.: POLS 287, two other political science graduate courses, and permission of department.

POLS 305. Independent Study in Political Theory. 3 crs. Open to students who have completed at least nine graduate credits in the field. Permission of faculty member, graduate program director and chairperson is required.

POLS 306. Independent Study Methodology. 3 crs. In-depth examination of a particular subject in the field.

POLS 307.* Independent Study-Black Politics. 3 crs. In-depth study of a particular subject in the field.

POLS 308. Directed Research. 1-6 crs. Master's thesis.

POLS 309. Independent Study in Political Economy. 3 crs. Nine credits in Political Economy and permission of the professor, graduate program director and chairperson.

POLS 398-01. Doctoral Seminar. Provides a forum for the presentation and discussion of the dissertation proposal. Questions relating to the selection and formulation of a research problem, methodological procedures to be followed, techniques to be used in data collection and analysis as well as preparation of the final research report will be reviewed at the outset of the course. Each student will formally present his or her proposal to the Seminar for criticism and discussion. Other faculty members will be invited to the Seminar as needed. Each student who has successfully completed comprehensive examinations in two major fields is required to enroll in the Seminar. No student may obtain approval of the dissertation proposal or be advanced to candidacy without successful completion of the Seminar.

POLS 399. Directed Research. 6-12 crs. Ph.D. dissertation.